Likert items are extensively used in many instruments that are developed under classical test theory chapter 9. Likerts system 14 theory was derived from research data about highproducing managers and how they differ from lowproducing managers. The theorists rensis likert organisation development. Rensis likerts participative decision making theory the last major theorist we are going to explore related to the human resources side of management theory is rensis likerts participative decision making pdm theory this model has four systems that are based on effectively functioning groups that are related throughout the organization. Editorial analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype. They identified four styles of management or managerial leadership which are discussed briefly as under. Rensis likert lead a study at the university of michigan attempting to find characteristics behaviors of effective leadership. The diagram below shows likerts four management systems, exploitive authoritative system, benevolent authoritative system, consultative system and participative or group system. Likert scales are the creation of rensis likert and were first introduced to the field in 1932 in an article entitled, a technique for the measurement of attitudes in archive of psy.
Pdf rensis likert is known for his contribution to the human relations movement in public administration but he transcends the narrow disciplinary. Rensis likert, founder of social study group the new. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales. Rensis likert rapidly attracted a dedicated group of people with diverse backgrounds. Jul 02, 20 dr rensis likert management system theory 1. Based on research carried out at the university of michigan in the 1950s, rensis likert identified four different styles. This brings the people closer together on a more interpersonal level than before as the distance created in the other systems disappears.
Dr rensis likert management system theory slideshare. Rensis likert along with his associates in michigan university, usa conducted research to study the patterns and styles of managers over three decades, across 200 organizations and developed a fourfold model of the management system that helped in understanding the leadership behavior. Rensis likert proposes a theory which helps to think about management with knowledge of human behavior and helps to postulate conceptually the interrelationship of apparently separate and even contradictory ideas underlying management theory rensis likert suggests that an organization is more likely to harness effectively its staffing resources. Moreover, each of the following already represented a more mature position, based on the workings of its predecessors.
Likerts system 5 leadership theory as evidenced by only three specific articles on the topic found among several academic databases. So passionate was his contribution to organizational theory that his holistic understanding of. Likert management system, a powerful leadership theory. Rensis likert assumed that there were four styles of leadership, developed on the basis of a threedecade research on management styles. Rensis likert early theories about management and leadership style focused primarily on the manner by which authority was exercised. The management theory of rensis likert brought a new dimension to organizational development theory. Rensis likert american social scientist britannica. Mostofthe researchwasdonein organizations intheunitedstates.
Rensis likert concluded that there are four systems of management, exploitive authoritative system, benevolent authoritative system, consultative system and particpative or group system home business management articles about learnmanagement2 business presentations business management diagrams business management quizzes. Pdf rensis likert is known for his contribution to the human relations movement in. Likerts management systems are management styles developed by rensis likert in the 1960s he is also famous for developing the likert scale, a psychometric scale commonly involved in. The uniqueness in likert s studies was that they were conducted in a wide variety of organizations such as railways, hospitals, schools and voluntary organizations etc. The systems social psychologist rensis likert first described his famous management systems in the 1960s, based upon his observations of employeemanager relationships in organisational settings. Rensis likert, american social scientist who developed scales for attitude measurement and introduced the concept of participative management. The greater the loyalty of a group toward the group, the greater is the motivation among the members to achieve the goals of the group, and the greater the probability that the group. Under the general direction of rensis likert, the focus of the michigan studies. Apr 29, 2019 the likert management system is a theory about the various management styles a manager can adopt within an organisation. Aconsiderableamountof empiricalresearch is presented insupportofthetheory. Rensis likert, a sociologist at the university of michigan, who developed the technique. Rensis likert and participative management administrative.
While the field of leadership has largely ignored this theory, evidence suggests 21stcentury organizational climate in many countries may be ready for this type of approach. This system also coincides with humanresources theory based on the level of lateral interaction between employees and managers. Overlapping memberships between groups by members who serve as linking pins. The four systems of the management system by likert. The greater the loyalty of a group toward the group, the greater is the motivation among the members to achieve. Rensis likert identified four main styles of leadership, in particular around decisionmaking and the degree to which people are involved in the decision. However, for the purpose of keeping this consistent with current terminology, well just call the group of likert items the likert scale. September 3, 1981, ann arbor, michigan, is an american social scientist who developed scales likert scale for attitude measurement and introduced the concept of participative management.
Managers recognize problems that occur when there is little cohesiveness between members of an organization. After studying economics and sociology at the university of michigan a. Rensis likert was an american social psychologist who is primarily known for developing the. Neo fivefactor neoffi inventory professional manual. Google scholar some social psychological differences between the united states and germany. By involving the process of employee participation in structuring the work and the work environment, a manager can effectively lead people towards achieving organizational goals.
Since the original scale was used, there have been many variations. In the 60s, rensis likert developed four management styles, intended to describe the relationship, roles and involvement of managers and subordinates in industrial environments. They are referred to as systems and defined as follows. The study employed 40 researchers, consumed number of years and considered diverse category of organizations both from the public sector and the private sector. His study of group dynamics and the need for growing. Likert argues that the participative system is the most effective form of management within the systems. Likerts system 5 leadership theory as evidenced by. Later research demonstrated the real need to use the current value approach of human resources accounting to assess the leadership behavior of. Likert 4 management leadership styles comes from the famous psychologist rensis likert and his associates conducted an extensive survey of management and leadership patterns in a large number of organizations. Rensis likert, a renowned social scientist who was the first director of the institute for social research at the university of michigan. May 06, 20 rensis likerts and his associates studied thepatterns and styles of managers for threedecades at the university of michigan, usa,and identified a fourfold model ofmanagement systems. Throughout the research and information found on rensis likerts theory, it has been described as making it possible to quantify the results of work done out in the field, as well as the results of group dynamics. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype. Rensis likert s management systems are powerful theories of leadership which highlight various organisational dynamics and characteristics.
Management system theory, exploitive authoritative system,benevolent authoritative system, consultative system,participative group system. Likerts management systems are management styles developed by rensis likert in the 1960s he is also famous for developing the likert scale, a psychometric scale commonly involved. Later research demonstrated the real need to use the current value approach of human resources accounting to assess the leadership behavior of managers accurately. He was an american educator and organizational psychologist best known for his research on management styles. Likert s system 4 of leadership style is known as the participative group system, which likert considered his most effective system.
System 1 exploitative authoritative style of leadership. Likert s system 14 theory was derived from research data about highproducing managers and how they differ from lowproducing managers. Elimination of the involvement of experts in evaluating employee attitudes. Rensis likert, born august 5, 1903, cheyenne, wyoming, u. The greater the loyalty of a group toward the group, the greater is the motivation among the members to achieve the goals of the group, and the greater the probability that the group will achieve its goals. Likert theory also facilitated the measurement of the soft areas of management, such as trust and communication. Members are skilled in all the various leadership and membership roles and functions required for interaction between leaders and members and between members and other members. Renesis likert concluded that there are four systems of management. According to likert, the efficiency of an organisation or its departments is influenced by their system of management. The work of rensis likert and his associates at the institute for.
Likerts systems of management leadership business leadership. According to rensis likert, organizational effectiveness depends significantly on successful leadership provided by managers. The uniqueness in likerts studies was that they were conducted in a wide variety of organizations such as railways, hospitals, schools and voluntary organizations etc. Term paper on likert s four systems theory and assignment management allows the employee full participation and use of these methods engage people lower down the chain in decisionmaking. Also, likert founded the theory of participative management, which was used to. In an ordinal scale, responses can be rated or ranked, but the distance between responses is not measurable. Incorporating group processes in decision making satisfy middlelevel needs and. The participative group system is mainly participation, leading to commitment to the organizations goals in a fully cooperative way. The first two backed up the lbdq findings to show that taskoriented and peopleoriented leaders are common effective examples. Examples include companies such as fitzgerald battery, ids, lake. Public administration literature describes rensis likert as a creator of organizationskish 1982. According to rensis likert, the nearer the behavioral characteristics of an.
Rensis likert management system paul fisk, tara levine. His original report entitled a technique for the measurement of attitudes was published in the archives of psychology in 1932. Rensis likert was the director of institute of social sciences, michigan, u. Google scholar a dynamic theory of personality, new york. Generalized from the likert theory of participative management has come the open. Developed in 1932 by rensis likert1 to measure attitudes, the typical likert scale is a 5 or 7point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree or disagree with a statement table.
He conducted extensive research for three decades with the help of 40 researchers to understand leadership behaviour. Rensis likert 5 august 19033 september 1981 rensis likert is known for his contribution to the human relations movement in public administration but he transcends the narrow disciplinary boundaries to provide workable solutions to organizational problems. Rensis likerts and his associates studied thepatterns and styles of managers for threedecades at the university of michigan, usa,and identified a fourfold model ofmanagement systems. Term paper on likerts four systems theory and assignment management allows the employee full participation and use of these methods engage people lower down the chain in decisionmaking. Rensis likert biography and contribution rensis likert, august 5, 1903, cheyenne, wyoming, u. Since the original scale was used, there have been many variations on the theme, all referred to still as a likert scale. Rensis likert, founder of social study group the new york times.
Specifically he is known for his contribution to the organization theory. August 5, 1903, cheyenne, wy, us september 3, 1981, ann arbor, mi was an american social psychologist who is primarily known for developing the likert scale method, an approach to creating a psychometrically sound scale based on responses to multiple questions or items. New patterns of management 1961, human organisation 1967. So passionate was his contribution to organizational theory that his holistic. Understanding management and leadership styles checklist 256. The likert scale more than 80 years ago psychologist rensis likert published a monograph, a technique. The first theorist in this regard is rensis likert. Leadership, rensis likerts system4 model, fuzzy ahp approach.
The likert system made it possible to quantify the results of all the work various theorists had been doing with group dynamics. Likerts characteristics of an effective work group. In the 60s, rensis likert developed four management styles, intended to describe the relationship, roles and involvement of managers and. Google scholar psychosociological problems of a minority group. Likerts four systems of management business jargons. Likert s system 5 leadership theory as evidenced by only three specific articles on the topic found among several academic databases. With the help of the profile developed by likert, it became possible to quantify the results of the work done in the field of group dynamics. Likert categorised his four management systems as follows. From production and employeecenteredness to systems 14. Based on research carried out at the university of michigan in the 1950s, rensis likert. In this style, the leader has a low concern for people and uses such methods as threats and other fearbased methods to achieve conformance. The four systems were as a result of a study that he completed at the american insurance company aig.
The likert management system is a theory about the various management styles a manager can adopt within an organisation. Rensis likert along with his associates carried out research on the management practices and behavior in american business administration for over a period of twenty five years. He developed his theory on administration based on an empirical study which could be equated only with hawthrone studies. Sep 04, 1981 rensis likert, founder of social study group. Features the likert employee attitudes scale by rensis likert. The four systems of management or the fourleadership styles identified by likerts are. Sample scale used in likert scale questions origin. Rensis likert proposed four styles of organizational leadership, or a model of management systems, which were the result of years of research by the michigan group. Likerts management systems are management styles developed by rensis likert in the 1960s he is also famous for developing the likert scale, a psychometric scale commonly involved in research using questionnaires and the linking pin model.
1153 1462 113 1372 554 621 867 609 1461 582 1477 305 1083 310 893 872 1048 1389 840 57 848 1322 346 1351 105 1402 964 977 786